Catenation meaning or the catenation in chemistry is defined as a chemical linkage into the chains of atoms of a similar element, by only occurring among the atoms of an element, which contains a valence of at least two and that produces the relatively strong bonds with itself. This property is significant among the silicon and sulfur atoms, predominant among the carbon atoms, and slightly present among the atoms of nitrogen, germanium , tellurium , and selenium.
Catenation takes place most readily with the carbon atoms, which produces the covalent bonds with the other carbon atoms to form structures and longer chains.
This is the main reason for the presence of a huge number of organic compounds in nature. Carbon is well-known for its catenation properties, with organic chemistry importantly being the study of catenated carbon structures also referred to as catenae.
In biochemistry , carbon chains combine any of the different other elements, such as oxygen , biometals, and hydrogen , onto the backbone of carbon.
But, by no means carbon is described as the only element that is capable of forming such catenae, and the many other main-group elements are capable of producing an expansive range of catenae, including boron , hydrogen, phosphorus , sulfur, and silicon. The element's ability to catenate is essentially determined by its bond energy to itself, which decreases as more dispersed orbitals those with a higher azimuthal quantum number overlap to form the bond.
As a consequence, the carbon element, which has the least or minimal diffuse valence shell p-orbital, will form the longer p-p sigma bound chains of atoms compared to the heavier elements, which have higher valence shell orbitals.
The ability to catenate is influenced further by a combination of electronic and steric influences, such as the element's electronegativity , the molecular orbital n, and the ability to form different forms of covalent bonds. The p orbital forms a longer p-p sigma bond of atoms, compared to the heavier elements that bond through the higher valence shell orbitals.
The sigma bonds formed by the adjacent atoms in carbon is strong enough so that perfectly stabilized chains can be formed between the atoms. This is the reason why carbon exhibits the catenation property. Himanshu Yadav. Learn from experienced Digital Marketing Expert. Amrita Priyadarshini. Sandip Sahoo. Dheeraj Kushwaha. Adobe Certified , Microsoft Certified Trainer with 9 years of experience.
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Another reason why carbon shows the catenation property greatly is because of its tetra valence nature of the electrons. Single N—N bond is weaker because of high inter-electronic repulsions of the non-bonding electrons owing to the small bond length. Catenation, chemical linkage into chains of atoms of the same element , occurring only among the atoms of an element that has a valence of at least two and that forms relatively strong bonds with itself.
Carbon is known to be the element in which the catenation occurs most readily. It forms covalent bonds to form longer chains and structures with other carbon atoms. Apart from carbon, other elements capable of catenation include, silicon, sulfur, boron, phosphorous , etc. However, none of these elements form as long a chain as carbon.
For example, sulfur naturally occurs as S8 molecule. Similarly, silicon chains are also possible, but with up to 8 silicon atoms. The atomic size of carbon atom is very small. Hence C C bond energy is very high. More over carbon is also tetravalent in nature and so each carbon is linked with 4 other monovalent atoms. Hence carbon shows highest degree of catenation.
Both carbon and silicon show the ability of catenation. But compounds made by silicon are reactive and less stable. On the other hand, bonds formed by carbon are very strong and hence organic compounds are more stable than silicon compounds. It can be said that carbon shows better catenation ability than silicon.
Sulphur naturally exist in nature as S 8 molecules. Hence sulphur has great tendency for catenation than oxygen. Carbon only shows catenation property. Cartenation property means covalent bond formation within another carbon atom.
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